Some Alaskan Huskies are Inbred.
Alaskan sled dogs (often called huskies) are unique in that they are an ad hoc breed–some say type–bred to pull sleds over snow, sans registry, that still exist entirely outside of the conformation show system. This is an attractive breed for Border Collie folks who envision their ideal herding dog in much the same light: purpose bred and free from the fancy.
The implication is that Border Collies (at least those outside the AKC) are free from the unintentional corruptions of the closed registry system, the inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity, the popular sires, the kennel blindness. Perhaps even that Border Collies are a recent and ongoing amalgam of numerous breeds and strains of dog, a little of this and that to keep the gene pool fresh. Genetic research, however, shows that Border Collies are not like either of the two styles of Alaskan sled dog, and the comparison fails.
A 2010 study looked into Alaskan sled dog genetics and offers the following reason why they are an attractive dog for study and a wishful analogy for Border Collie elitists:
The Alaskan sled dog offers a rare opportunity to investigate the development of a dog breed based solely on performance, rather than appearance, thus setting the breed apart from most others. Several established breeds, many of which are recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC), have been introduced into the sled dog population to enhance racing performance. We have used molecular methods to ascertain the constitutive breeds used to develop successful sled dog lines, and in doing so, determined the breed origins of specific performance-related behaviors.
The first revelation of the study is that even Alaskan sled dogs aren’t “bred like Alaskan sled dogs,” as there are two identifiable strains that are bred quite differently: Sprint Sled Dogs and Distance Sled Dogs.
We observe that the Alaskan sled dog has a unique molecular signature and that the genetic profile is sufficient for identifying dogs bred for sprint versus distance. When evaluating contributions of existing breeds we find that the Alaskan Malamute and Siberian Husky contributions are associated with enhanced endurance; Pointer and Saluki are associated with enhanced speed and the Anatolian Shepherd demonstrates a positive influence on work ethic.
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Sprint and distance sled dog racing are vastly different in terms of the distance traversed during a race and the speed at which this is accomplished. Long distance racing includes races of several hundred miles lasting multiple days, such as the Yukon Quest and Iditarod of over 1,000 miles in the subarctic winter. Sprint racing is more analogous to track and field with multiple competition events defined by the size of the dog team. The extreme differences in these racing styles, ranging from 30 miles in one day to 1,000 miles in less than ten days has lead to a divergence within the Alaskan sled dog population based on the essential physiological athletic attributes of endurance and/or speed as well as “work ethic,” which encapsulates an animals’ desire to perform.
It has been claimed by several sheeple that Border Collies are very much like Alaskan Huskies. Eileen Stein is the current President of the American Border Collie Association and has served on the Health & Genetics committee for several years, she should be in the know about BC genetics and she feels that the Alaskan Husky is an appropriate analogy for the Border Collie in how they are bred.
Eileen Stein’s views on Border Collie genetics
Eileen Stein – 9/22/2010 I think border collies ARE a breed like Alaskan Huskies. They are like Alaskan Huskies in that they are bred to a working standard rather than an appearance standard, and they are a breed rather than a type in that they have been bred to that working standard long enough that they almost always meet that workiing standard better than any other kind of dog. I don’t really understand why you think dogs must be bred for aesthetics, or must have no significant variation conformation-wise, in order to be a breed.
Alaskan Huskies don’t have a registry and border collies do — that’s the only significant difference. And probably that’s the only thing that has kept the AKC from going after them.
So how are Alaskan Sled Dogs bred? What do the numbers say?
First, Alaskan Sled dogs as a whole benefit from having two sub-populations under the same mental model of the breed. The Distance sub-population boasts a mean 2.9 alleles per locus and the Sprint sub-population has 3.1 alleles per locus and these alleles are mutually unique, as taken together the entire population has a mean alleles per locus of ~5.7. A combined set of 141 purebred populations, including Border Collies, showed only 2.6 alleles per locus.
Second, both Alaskan Sled dog types show a diversity in genotypes as well. The Observed Heterozygosity (Ho) for the Distance dogs was 55.9% and 61.1% for the Sprint dogs. Purebred dogs managed only 43%.
Third, the Alaskan Sled dog population shows a divergence in inbreeding. The F(IS) statistic is a type of inbreeding coefficient that ranges from -1 (highly outbred) to +1 (highly inbred). Negative values indicate recent outcrossing (a diversity of alleles that are trapped in a few individuals versus being evenly spread across the population) and if the assumptions of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium are met, it is expected that heterozygosity would increase with random mating.
Positive values indicate recent inbreeding (which can include close mating according to pedigree, non-random mating of like individuals, reduced genetic diversity due to population structure like subdivision or bottlenecks, etc.). Positive F(IS) values indicate that heterozygosity will decrease in the future, negative values indicate that future offspring will be more heterozygous.
Inbred or Outcrossed? Bars that extend to the left indicate excess heterozygosity compared to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (red line), suggesting active selection for heterozygosity (i.e. outcrossing).
As you can see from the above diagram, the Sprint Sled Dogs (purple) have an excess of heterozygosity representing active outcrossing and an influx of genetic material. The Distance Sled Dogs are more typical of other breeds, showing continued selection for conformity. Border Collies, unlike their relative the Collies and the Cardigan Corgis, have a positive F(IS) value indicating ongoing inbreeding.
Border Collies aren’t like either of the Sled Dog sub-populations. Even though the Distance dogs have higher F(IS) values, they are still highly heterozygous and have a greater abundance of allele diversity. In other words, Distance dogs are being pushed genetically towards homozygosity faster than the Border Collie is being pushed, but the Distance dogs are starting from a more diverse and less inbred position.
The Sprint dogs not only have a greater abundance of allele diversity and a greater level of Observed Heterozygosity, they are also being actively and continually outcrossed. This simply isn’t the case with Border Collies.
Border Collies have a virtually closed breeding pool of dogs that go back to a few hundred founding dogs a century ago. Their effective gene pool is now equivalent to the genome of only 8 dogs. The number and impact of new blood (typically in the form of Registration on Merit) is negligible. The contribution of other breeds (like Kelpie and Bearded Collie) is highly limited, mostly ancient (a century ago), and not ongoing. The last documented non-Border Collie to enter the gene pool is almost 30 years ago with one Bearded Collie (Turnbull’s Blue) ROM’d within the ISDS.
The last time a Husky was improved with fresh blood was probably yesterday.
The genetic analysis of the Sled Dogs indicated 21 domestic breeds that contributed to the Sled Dog breed with a population score of ≥ 0.3.
The 21 “related breeds” included the Alaskan Malamute and Siberian Husky, which were expected based on historical information, and the Pointer, which has recently and repetitively been bred into the population. The Samoyed, Chow Chow, and Akita also have historical roots as northern draft dogs. Other breeds included in the “related breeds” group were the Saluki, Afghan Hound, and Borzoi, which are well known for their speed, the Great Pyrenees and the Anatolian Shepherd, both of whom are northern climate guard dogs, and the Weimaraner, a hunting breed of shared ancestral heritage to the Pointer. Additional related breeds were the Japanese Chin, Shar-Pei, Shiba Inu, Shih Tzu, Pekingese, Lhasa Apso, Basenji, Tibetan Spaniel, and Tibetan Terrier, most of whom share an Asian heritage with the exception of the Basenji.
Thus, it is folly to suggest that the Border Collie gene pool and community breeding ethic is substantially similar to the culture of breeding working Huskies. This isn’t true. Huskies are an ad hoc landrace where registry politics and breed purity don’t matter. If you want to outcross your dog to an entirely different breed, you can, for any reason at any time without any ROM hoops to jump through and clearly racers do.
If Border Collies are substantially similar to this breeding ethic, find me one trial champion dog from any country that has a non-Border Collie in the last 3 generations. Heck, find me a dozen.
The interesting question is not so declarative, simple, and overstated as “Border Collies and Sled Dogs are both bred to a performance standard.” Yawn. You can make that statement without a comparison, so if we are to compare we have to ask more than just distilled philosophy and slogans. The question is HOW are they bred and what is the genomic situation in the breeds.
The answer to that question doesn’t provide an impressive comparison which elevates the Border Collie vis-a-vis the sled dog.
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Labrador retrievers, English pointers, and Llewellin setters are bred for trials. Their registries are not open, and they aren’t particularly genetically diverse, within their strains. Border collies are much more like those dogs than Alaskan huskies.
Another analogy would be FCI-registered West Siberian Laika since the RKF studbook is closed.
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I wonder if they would ROM a known mix? All the BC boards say that herding instinct is easy to lose if you don’t breed for it, but I don’t think that’s true. Certainly nobody has bred Shelties for herding instinct for a very long time (maybe EVER) but many show at least some instinct. If you had a BC bitch with strong instinct and bred her to, say, a whippet/staffy cross, and were able to prove the resulting offspring had the requisite ability to perform, would they ROM those dogs? Not an experiment I want to take on, but is someone considering something like that? You would think the advantage of a working registry would be to be able to bring in new blood, which obviously is not happening now.
I guess it’s a matter of what one sees as instinct. A good BC is fine tuned. But I’ve seen mongrels out of shelters move sheep around, cut them off, corner them, etc.
Rotties, rhodesian ridgebacks and kerry blue terriers have earned herding titles of some sort.
“Instinct” is a large topic.
Well, a “fine-tuned” BC has had a lot of training. Many, many breeds and mixes have instinct. I don’t know what the ROM-in requires–just wondering if a known mix could meet the requirements, would they allow that dog in, and allow it to be bred to “purebred” working dogs?
Aaaannndddd… I looked over the requirements to get a dog in through ROM, and you’d have to be pretty damn determined to do it–willing to spend a lot of money and time to prove a point.
Yes, and they could prevent you from getting the dog registered with just one abstaining vote from the board of directors.
Exactly. I’m willing to bet that sufficient “herding instinct” shows up all the time in mutt mixes and other breeds, but a) who would want to go through the bother of ROMing their Rotty, and b) I’d also bet that trial folks would HATE having a dog out on the field and breeding with their dogs if it didn’t look like a BC or similar.
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The point of a ‘breed’ for most people is predictability. A Rottie, as an example, is not, in most cases, a dog bred for herding, and definitely *not* a dog bred for herding trials. Picking a random dog with herding instinct, proving it, and then breeding it into the BC population would be, frankly, an exercise in futility, due to the predictability factor and how risk averse the breeder culture is. You would be unlikely to find people willing to breed to your dogs with the Rottie (or whatever) behind them. You would have a better chance with a less ‘risky’ dog, like a Beardie from working lines, or an English shepherd. Breeder culture, in the end, is what decides what a breed *is*, and what it *becomes.*
I am willing to bet that some of what you are seeing in the differences in homozygosity between sprint and distance huskies is down to differences in risk acceptance in their respective breeder ‘cultures.’ IOW, willingness to take a chance and breed anything that seems to have the desired qualities, versus playing it safe. An experimental nature, if you like. It is probably highly unlikely that the purebred dogs used in many of those experiments came from proven competition lines, as many of those people are thoroughly indoctrinated against allowing their stock to be used to create ‘mutts.’ A conservative culture. Which makes using such ‘unproven’ dogs a even higher ‘risk.’
(“I have no objection to lurchers or longdogs but I sure as hell wouldn’t sell a dog to a breeder or allow one of my stud dogs to be used by one,” is something I have seen many, many times with Saluki breeders. Part of that is the idea that the Saluki [or whatever purebred] is the ‘ultimate’ endurance running dog [or whatever] and therefore there is something inherently hinky about using one to make mixes, as *of course* mixes would be inferior.)
You do see some extreme divergence in philosophy even within a breed culture; there are certainly plenty of lurcher/longdog breeders who have formulas that they like (3/4 Deerhound, for example), or who absolutely would *never* breed to an unproven dog, and on the opposite end of the spectrum are those who are highly experimental and will try anything that seems interesting. I have seen longdogs used for hunting jacks and coyotes that looked like large, robust Greyhounds, *except* that they were saddle tan merles. The merle came from a catahoula and the saddle tan from a foxhound. This same breeder also experimented with Afghan hounds and Italian greyhounds.
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I know this wasn’t the exact point of your post, but when I checked out your H-W table I could not help but be surprised that collies and dobermans were in the negative.
Really????
I would have thought them to be sooo much less genetically diverse than that, whatever their total population numbers.
Yes, a shock. Now, you have to remember what that figure is measuring, and a more complete analysis needs to be done, but I have for more than two years been trying to collect an extensive list of observed heterozygosity results to pair with those deviation numbers.
You might think of the above chart as acceleration, the heterozygosity as velocity and the number of alleles per locus as distance away from 1.
You start with many alleles and you speed toward one. How homozygous you are grows as you accelerate.
So what were the breeds with some of the longest bars to the right? Scary looking rate of acceleration!
I have an old draft waiting for more data called “How inbred is your dog” that covers that in more detail. I’ve been trying to ferret out the Observed Heterozygosity numbers from the researchers for more than a year.
I guess that depends on what you are defining as “instinct.” If you mean sustained interest in livestock and an ability to use pressure to move them then many breeds can do that. My old Siberian could quietly move sheep around a round pen.
Theres more to a good herding dog than instinct, however. Its a combination of traits: biddability, confidence but not aggression (stand down the nasty ewe, but don’t eat her), light and fluid movement to not waste energy and handle huge outruns, stock sense (how close can I move without the sheep moving, enough obsession to stay with the job even when scared or tired but not so much they run the sheep into the fences, etc.
Getting all of those qualities in one dog can be tough.
I don’t know that much about mushing, but from a layman’s POV there are fewer fine tuned skills needed to be a good sled dog. I am sure someone will correct me if I am wrong.